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Section I Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark

A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Here’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today you’re the CEO of a small business, and though you’re making a nice __ 1__, you need to find a way to take it to the next level. What you need to do is __2__ growth by establishing a growth team. A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus __3__ on finding ways to grow.

Let’s look at a real-world __4__. Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees working in the __5__ departments of engineering, marketing and product development. This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. The __6__ was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product. And __7__ improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.

Things changed, __8__, when an innovative project-marketing manager came aboard, __9__ a growth team and sparked the kind of __ 10__ perspective they needed. By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the __ 11__ of upgrades wasn’t due to a quality issue. Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered.

Armed with this __ 12__ the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently __ 13__ the premium version to users of the free version. __ 14__, upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent. But in order for your growth team to succeed, it needs to have a strong leader. It needs someone who can __ 15__ the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement. This leader will __ 16__ the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the __ 17__ of these goals.

The growth leader is also __ 18__ for keeping the team focused on moving or ward and steering them clear of distractions. __ 19__ attractive new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t __20__ the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.

1. A. purchase B. profit C. connection D. bet

答案：B

2. A. define B. predict C. prioritize D. appreciate

答案：C

3. A. exclusively B.temporarily C.potentially D.initially

答案：A

4. A. experiment B. proposal C. debate D. example

答案：D

5. A. identical B. marginal C.provisional D. traditional

答案：D

6. A. rumor B. secret C. myth D.problem

答案：D

7. A. despite B. unlike C. through D. besides

答案：A

8. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D.again

答案：B

9. A. inspected B. created C. expanded D. reformed

答案：B

10. A. cultural B. objective C. fresh D. personal

答案：C

11. A.end B. burden C. lack D. decrease

答案：C

12. A. policy B. suggestion C. purpose D. insight

答案：D

13. A. contributing B. allocating C. promoting D.transferring

答案：C

14. A. As a result B. At any rate C. By the way D. In a sense

答案：A

15. A. unite B. finance C.follow D. choose

答案：A

16. A. share B. identify C. divide D. broaden

答案：B

17. A. announcement B. assessment C. adjustment D. accomplishment

答案：D

18. A. famous B. responsible C. available D. respectable

答案：B

19. A. Before B. Once C. While D. Unless

答案：C

20. A. serve B. limit C. summarize D. alter

答案：A

Section II Reading Comprehension

PartA

Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questionsafter each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers onthe ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)

Text 1

In the quest for the perfect lawn, homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut—and it is the environment that is paying the price. About eight million square metres of plastic grass is sold each year but opposition has now spread to the highest gardening circles. The Chelsea Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year’s event, declaring it to be not part of its ethos. The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity. Ed Horne, of the RHS, said: “We launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic. We recommend using real grass because of its environmental benefits, which include supporting wildlife alleviating flooding and cooling the environment. ”

The RHS's decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes. A Twitter account, which claims to “ cut through the greenwash ” of artificial grass, already has more than 20,000 followers. It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an “ecological damage” tax on such lawns. They have gathered 7,276 and 11,282 signatures.

However, supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol. The industry also points out that real grass requires considerable amounts of water, weed killer or other treatments and that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more. The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend an average of ￡500 on trees or shrubs for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.

In response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns, which gathered 30,000 signatures, the government responded that it has “no plans to ban the use of artificial grass”. It added: “ We prefer to help people and organisaions make the right choice rather than legislating on such matters. However, the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in place to protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage, while measures such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to accourage public authorities to consider sustainable alternatives.

21.The RHS thinks that plastic grass ________.

A. is harmful to the environment

B. is a hot topic in gardening circles

C. is overpraised in the annual show

D. is ruining the view of west London

答案：A

22. The petitions mentioned in Paragraph 3 reveal the campaigners

A. disappointment with the RHS

B. resistance to fake grass use

C. anger over the proposed tax

D. concern above real grass supply

答案： B

23.In Paragraph 4, supporters of take grass point out ________.

A. the necessity to lower the costs of fake grass

B. the disadvantages of growing real grass

C. the way to take care of artificial lawns

D. the challenges of insect habitat protection 【答案】B

24.What should the government do with regard to artificial grass?

A. Urge legislation to restrict its use.

B. Take measures to guarantees its quality.

C. Remind its users to obey existing rules.

D. Replay it with sustainable alternatives.

答案： C

25.It can be learned from the text take fake grass ________.

A. is being improved continuously

B. has seen a market share decline

C. is becoming increasingly affordable

D. has been a controversial product

答案： D

Text 2

It ’s easy to dismiss as absurd the federal government ’s ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks. Can anyone really think it ’s a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park?

But the administration is right about one thing: U.S. national parks are in crisis. Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion. Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.

But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be the panacea that the Interior Department ’s Outdoor Advisory Committee would have us believe. Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and concessionaires in the parks hand over, on average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.

Moreover, increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a respite from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.

The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding. We conducted a comprehensive survey examining how U.S. residents view their national parks, and we found that Americans place a very high value on them — whether or not they actually visit them. The peer-reviewed economic survey of 700 U.S. taxpayers, conducted by mail and internet, also found that people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact. Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.

The national parks provide great value to U.S. residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature. On top of this, they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life, and of course through tourism. The parks also help keep America’s past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites —including Ellis Island and Gettysburg—and to bring the stories of these places to life.

The parks do all this on a shoestring. Congress allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system—an amount that has been flat since 2001 (in inflation-adjusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as part of the Obama stimulus package. Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.

26. What problem are U.S. national parks faced with ________.

A. decline of business profits

B. inadequate commercialization

C. lack of transportation services

D. poorly maintained infrastructure 【答案】D

27. Increased privatization of the campground may ________.

A. spoil visitor experience

B. help preserve nature

C. bring operational pressure

D. boost visits to parks

【答案】A

28. According to para. 5, most respondents in the survey would ________.

A. go to the national parks on a regular basis

B. advocate a bigger budget for the national parks

C. agree to pay extra for the national parks

D. support the national parks’ recent reforms 【答案】C

29. The national parks are valuable in that they ________.

A. lead the way in tourism

B. have historical significance

C. sponsor research on climate

D. provide an income for the locals

【答案】B

30. It can be concluded from the text that the national park system ________.

A. is able to cope with staff shortages

B. is able to meet visitor’ demands

C. is in need of a new pricing policy

D. is in need of a funding increase 【答案】D

Text3

The Internet may be changing merely what we remember,not our capacity to do so,suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow. In 2011,Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 factoids in a computer ("an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain,"for example). Half of the participants were told the information would be erased,while the other half were told it would be saved.Guess what?The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later,because they knew they could find it on their computers.In the samestudy,a group was asked to remember both the information and thefolders it was stored in.They didn't remember the information,but they remembered how to find the folders.In other words.human memory is not deteriorating but "adapting to new communications technology,"Sparrow says.

In a very practical way,the Interet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories,a process known as "cognitive offloading."Traditionally,this role was fulfilled by data banks,libraries,and other humans.Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does,for instance.Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society,but Sparrow sees an upside.Perhaps,she suggests,the trend will change our approach to leaming from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking-something that is not available on the Internet."I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things,"Sparrow says,adding that we haven't lost our ability to do it.

Still other experts say it's too soon to understand how the Intemet affects our brains.There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus,for instance,wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons.And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-savvy older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscieuce and Human Behavior at the University of California,Los Angeles.

"There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Intemet,but I'd have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs,"observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm."It seems pretty clear that memory is changing,but is it changing for the better?At this point,we don't know."

31.Sparrow’s study shows that with the Internet, the human brain will ________.

A. analyze information in detail

B. collect information efficiently

C. switch its focus of memory

D. extend its memory duration

【答案】C

32.The process of “cognitive offloading” ________.

A. helps us identify false information

B. keeps our memory from failing

C. enables us to classify trivial facts

D. lessens our memory burdens

【答案】D

33.Which of the following would Sparrow support about the Internet?

A. It may reform our learning approach.

B. It may impact our society negatively.

C. It may enhance our adaptability to technology.

D. It may interfere with our conceptual thinking.

【答案】A

34.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that how the Internet affects our brains ________.

A. requires further academic research

B. is most studies in older adults

C. is reflected in our reading speed

D. depends on our web-surfing habits

【答案】A

35.Neither Sparrow nor Storm would agree that ________.

A. our reliance on the Internet will be costly

B. the Internet is weakening our memory

C. memory exercise is a must for our brains

D. our ability to focus declines with age

【答案】B

Text 4

Teenagers are paradoxical. That ’s a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers, often to the point of self-destruction. Accidental deaths go up dramatically in adolescence.

A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.

The researchers studied “prosocial ” and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late.

Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and

then fades away as you grow older. But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.

Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.

Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call “ reward sensitivity. ” Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs. “ Reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.

Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards—winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the couch.

36.According to paragraph 1 children growing into adolescence tend to ________.

A. develop opposite personality traits

B. see the world in an unreasonable way

C. have fond memories of their past

D. show affection for their parents 【答案】A

37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 that Crone's study ________.

A. explores teenagers' social responsibilities

B. examines teenagers' emotional problems

C. provides a new insight into adolescence

D. highlights negative adolescent behavior 【答案】C

38. What does Crone's study find about prosocial behavior?

A. It results form the wish to cooperate.

B. It is cultivated through education.

C. It is subject to family influence.

D. It tends to peak in adolescence.

【答案】D

39. It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that teenagers ________.

A. overstress their influence on others

B. care a lot about social recognition

C. become anxious about their future

D. endeavor to live a joyful life.【答案】B

40. What is the text mainly about?

A. Why teenagers are self-contradictory.

B. Why teenagers are risk-sensitive.

C. How teenagers develop prosociality.

D. How teenagers become independent. 【答案】C.

PartB

Directions:Read the following text and match each of thenumbered items in the left column to its correspondinginformation in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Net-zero rules set to send cost of new homes and extensions soaring

New building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes,as well as those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.

The rules,which came into effect on Wednesday in England,are part of government plans to reduce the UK's carbon emissions to net zero by 2050.They set new standards for ventilation,energy efficiency and heating,and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.

The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years,and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs are already driving up bills.

Brian Berry,chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders,says the measures will require new materials,testing methods,products and systems to be installed."All this comes at anincreased cost during a time when prices are already sky high.Inevitably,consumers will have to pay more,"he says.

Gareth Belsham,of surveyors Naismiths,says people who are upgrading,or extending their home,will be directing affected."The biggest changes relate to heating and insulation,"he explains."There are new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions,and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated."

Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards.while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.

Thomas Goodman,of MyJobQuote,says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions."Glazing on windows,doors and rooflights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss.”he says.

As the rules come into effect last Wednesday,property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline.Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules,and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15 June next year.

Builders which have costed projects,but have not filed the paperwork,many need to go back and submit fresh estimates,says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator.

Materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years.How much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear."Whilst admirable in their intentions,they will add to the cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that they are priced out of homeownership,"says Jonathan Rolande of the National Association of Property Buyers."An average extension will probably see around ￡ 3.000 additional cost thanks to the new regs."

John Kelly,a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm,believes prices will eventually come down.But not in the immediate future."As the marketplace adapts to the new requirements,and the technologies that support them,the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down,but in the short term,we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition."he says.

However,the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy-efficient homes,adds Andrew Mellor,of PRP architects."Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings.It will obviously be very volatile at the moment,but they will have that benefit over time."

41.Brian Berry

答案‘：D

42.Gareth Belsham

答案：F

43.Marcus Jefford

答案：B

44.John Kelly

答案：A

45.Andrew Mellor

答案：G

Section III Translation

46.

Directions：

Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)

In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature. And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.

Poetry is powerful. Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make them see things differently. Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.

No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years, even before people could write. It was a way to tell stories and pass down history. It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud. Poems really come to life when they are recited. This can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.

18世紀晚期，威廉·華茲華斯因其關于自然的詩歌而聞名。他是浪漫主義運動的創始人之一，該運動頌揚自然世界的奇跡。

詩歌是有力量的。它的能量和節奏可以吸引讀者，將他們帶到另一個世界，讓他們以不同的方式看待事物。詩歌的辭藻經過精挑細選，呈現出的世界既戲劇性又有趣，既美麗又動人，同時還能鼓舞人心。

沒有人確切知道詩歌始于何時，但它已經存在了數千年，甚至早于文字的出現。這是一種講述故事和傳承歷史的方式。它與歌曲密切相關，即使是寫下來的作品，也通常是為了將其大聲表演出來而創作的。只有在朗誦時，詩歌才真正栩栩如生。在朗誦的過程中，詞語的節奏和發音變得更加清晰，這也有利于理解它們的內涵。

Section IV Writing

第47題

Part A

Directions:

An art exhibition and a robot show are to be held on Sunday,and your friend David asks you which one he should go to.Write him an email to

1)make a suggestion,and

2)give your reason(s).

Write your answer in about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name in your email;use "LiMing"instead.(10 points)

第48題

Part B

Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing you should

1)describe and interpret the chart and

2)give your comments.

Write your answer in about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)