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He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

【重點詞匯】

evolution [?i?v??lu??n] n. 進化;演變;發展

characterize [?k?r?kt?ra?z] v. 是……的特征;以……為典型

struggle [?str?ɡl] n. 斗爭;奮斗;努力

v. 斗爭;抗爭

survival [s??va?vl] n. 生存;存活;幸存

eventually [??vent?u?li] adv. 最后;終于

【句子分析】

主句：He(主語)argued(謂語)that從句(賓語)

That賓語從句：that(引導詞)human evolution(主語)was characterized(謂語)

省略引導詞的定語從句：(that)(賓語)he(主語)called(謂語)the “survival of the fittest,”(賓語補足語)

Which定語從句：in which(狀語)weaker races and societies(主語)must eventually be replaced(謂語)

【補充分析】

①by a struggle為that賓語從句中的方式狀語;

②省略了that的定語從句和in which引導的定語從句的先行詞都是struggle;

③by stronger, more advanced races and societies為in which定語從句中的方式狀語。

【參考譯文】

他認為，人類進化的特征是他稱之為“適者生存”的斗爭。在這場斗爭中，較弱的種族和社會終究會被更強的、更高級的種族和社會所代替。

He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

【重點詞匯】

popularize [?p?pj?l?ra?z] v. 宣傳;宣揚;推廣

previously [?pri?vi?sli] adv. 先前;以前

infection [?n?fek?n] n. 傳染;感染;傳染病

arouse [??ra?z] v. 激起;引起;喚醒

controversy [?k?ntr?v??si] n. 爭論;辯論;論戰

【句子分析】

主句：He(主語)helped(謂語)popularize the idea(省略to的不定式充當賓語)

That同位語從句：that(引導詞)some diseases(主語)were(系動詞)actually infections(表語)

Which定語從句：which(主語)aroused(謂語)much controversy(賓語)

When時間狀語從句：when(引導詞)it(主語)was first suggested(謂語)

【補充分析】

①not previously thought to have a bacterial cause為some diseases的后置定語;

②that同位語從句說明idea的具體內容;

③which引導的定語從句先行詞為the idea that some diseases...infections。

【參考譯文】

他幫助傳播這樣的思想：那些原先不被認為是由細菌引起的疾病，實際上是傳染病。這個想法一經提出就引發了許多爭議。

Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.

【重點詞匯】

publish [?p?bl??] v. 出版;發行;刊登;發表;發布

intelligent [?n?tel?d??nt] adj. 有才智的;悟性強的;聰明的

explain [?k?sple?n] v. 解釋;說明;闡明

【句子分析】

主句：he(主語)is publishing(謂語)a paper(賓語)

Which定語從句：which(主語)not only suggests(謂語1)that從句(賓語1)but(連詞)explains(謂語2)the process(賓語2)

That賓語從句：that(引導詞)one group of humanity(主語)is(系動詞)more intelligent(表語)

That定語從句：that(主語)has brought this about(謂語)

【補充分析】

①Together with another two scientists為主句的狀語;

②which引導的定語從句修飾paper，其中，定語從句的謂語由not only...but...并列;

③which引導的定語從句中than the others為比較狀語;

④that引導的定語從句修飾process。

【參考譯文】

他和另外兩位科學家即將聯合發表一篇論文，這篇文章不僅指出了人類某些族群要比其他族群聰明，而且解釋了這是怎么形成的。

While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

【重點詞匯】

privately [?pra?v?tli] adv. 私下地;(買賣)通過私人地

distaste [d?s?te?st] n. 不喜歡;反感;厭惡

slavery [?sle?v?ri] n. 奴隸身份;奴隸制

bedrock [?bedr?k] n. 牢固基礎;基本事實;基本原則;基巖

【句子分析】

主句：they(主語)also understood(謂語)that從句(賓語)

While讓步狀語從句：While(引導詞)Washington and Jefferson(主語)[privately] expressed(謂語)distaste for slavery(賓語)

That賓語從句：that(引導詞)it(主語)was(系動詞)part of the political and economic bedrock(表語)

省略引導詞的定語從句：(that)(賓語)they(主語)helped to create(謂語)

【補充分析】

①賓語從句中of the country作bedrock的后置定語;

②省略that的定語從句的先行詞為country。

【參考譯文】

盡管華盛頓和杰斐遜私下都表示憎惡奴隸制，但是他們也明白，奴隸制度是他們幫助創建的這個國家的政治經濟根基的一部分。

Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

【重點詞匯】

observe [?b?z??v] v. 看到;注意到;觀察到

bravery [?bre?v?ri] n. 勇敢;勇氣;無畏精神

Revolutionary [?rev??lu???n?ri] adj. 革命的;徹底變革的;巨變的

n. (支持)改革者;(尤指)革命者

opposition [??p??z??n] n. 反對;反抗

grant [ɡrɑ?nt] v. 同意;準予;允許

n. (政府、機構的)撥款

will [w?l] n. 遺囑;意志;意愿

【句子分析】

主句：Washington(主語)overcame(謂語)the strong opposition(賓語)

Who定語從句：who(主語)had begun(謂語)to believe that從句(賓語)

That賓語從句：that(引導詞)all men(主語)were created(謂語)equal(主語補足語)

【補充分析】

①after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War為定語從句中的時間狀語;

②who定語從句中先行詞為Washington;

③of his relatives為后置定語修飾opposition;

④to grant his slaves their freedom in his will為主干部分的目的狀語。

【參考譯文】

華盛頓在親眼目睹了黑人士兵在獨立戰爭中的驍勇善戰后，開始相信所有人生來是平等的，于是他不顧親人們的極力反對，立下遺囑讓其奴隸自由。

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