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Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

People often grumble that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are ubiquitous and don't break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle.They“weep”out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. Until recently, museums only had to worry about traditional materials. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, David Bowie costumes, the first artificial heart. 

Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands(RCE). “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.” 

And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpet” — large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable. 

Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark. 

So van Oosten and colleagues at RCE began to study ways to protect polyurethane. First, they took foam samples similar to the nature carpets and infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals that modern manufacturers often use.Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. Then the team used xenon lamps to artificially age both treated and untreated samples, and examined them under high-powered microscopes. The results were encouraging. Samples that lacked sunscreen had withered under the barrage of photons: The molecular “struts” shoring up the foam were 42% thinner and notably more brittle than before the lamp treatment. The struts in samples with sunscreen decreased by as little as 12.5%. Armed with that knowledge, conservators working with RCE infused several Gilardi sculptures, including two nature carpets, with the sunscreen to stabilize them. Van Oosten is proud that several have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases. Long called the “queen of plastics,” in 2012, van Oosten was knighted in the Netherlands for her efforts to preserve plastic objects and spread knowledge to other institutes. 

Despite such success stories, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics, designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common. 

And more is at stake here than individual objects. Ferreira notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history — Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on —after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve...will have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen.” 

21. According to paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in_______. 

[A] maintaining their plastic items

[B] Obtaining durable plastic artifacts

[C] Handling outdated plastic exhibits

[D] Classifying their plastic collections

22. Van Oosten holds certain plastic are_______.

[A] immune to decay

[B] improperly shaped

[C] inherently flawed

[D] complex in structure

23. Museums stopped exhibiting artworks of G’s to ______. 

[A] keep them from hurting visitors

[B] duplicate them for future display

[C] have ingredients for future analyzed

[D] prevent them from further damage

24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is______. 

[A] costly

[B] unworthy

[C] unpopular

[D] challenging

25. In Ferreisia’s opinion, the preservation of plastic artifacts______. 

[A] will inspire future scientific research

[B] has profound historical significance

[C] will help us separate the material ages

[D] has the impact on today’s cultural life

Text 2

As the latest crop of students pen their UCAS form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Gen Z(and their parents) need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey. 

Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued (just as governments hiked up the cost of getting one). Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles; a percentage which is double the average amongst the OECD.

This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but, rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available. 

Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Gen Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles—just as Penguin did in 2016. 

For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense (albeit expensive) to have two.

It is unlikely that Gen Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay agile, relevant and employable. It has been estimated that this generation due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory. 

I have often heard older generations talk about their degree (even if it was gained decades ago) in the present and personal tense: “I am a geographer or ‘I am a classist’. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way. 

26. The author suggests that generation Z should________. 

[A] Be careful in choosing college

[B] Be diligent at each educational stage

[C] Reassess the necessity of college education

[D] Postpone their undergraduate application

27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflects_____.

[A] millennials opinions about work

[B] the shrinking value of degree

[C] public discount with education

[D] the desired route of social mobility

28. The author considers it a good sign that______. 

[A] Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree

[B] school leavers are willing to be skilled workers

[C] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees

[D] parents are changing their minds about education

29. It is advised in paragraph 5 that those with one degree should_______. 

[A] make an early decision on their career

[B] attend on-the-job training programs

[C] team up with high-paid post graduates

[D] further their studies in the specific field

30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from last two paragraphs?

[A] Lifelong learning will define them. 

[B] They will make qualified educators. 

[C] Degrees will no longer appeal to them. 

[D] They will have a limited choice of jobs 

Text 3

Enlightening, stimulating, inspiring, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future. 

Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Public engagement has become essential tomany research projects. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists and designers to help them to communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning,” one respondent said. “The experience is very liberating for me, as a scientist,” said another. “There’s often a visual aspect to my science that generating and publishing data does not convey.” 

One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in Australia performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season — provided by Monash University’s Climate ChangeCommunication Research Hub in Melbourne. The work was entitled The (Uncertain) Four Seasons, and variations of the score containing local data were sent to every major orchestra in the world. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations. 

But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study—even if these are reasons why scientists seek opportunities to work with artists. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.

More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) in Cambridge to explore the role of technology in culture. The centre was established during the Vietnam War, when many scientists in the United States were being criticized for working on defence contracts. Its founders believed that artists and scientists could, together, create a vision for a more humane world. They deliberately focused their projects around light — hence the ‘visual studies’ in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration, says Seth Riskin, a visual-arts researcher at the MIT Museum who previously worked at CAVS. 

The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary

purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too. 

31. According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have ______.

[A] caught the attention of critics

[B] received favorable responses

[C] promoted academic publishing

[D] sparked heated public disputes

32. The reworked version of The Year Season is mentioned to show that______. 

[A] art can offer audiences easy access to science

[B] science can help with the expression of emotions

[C] public participation in science has a promising future

[D] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovation

33. Some artists seem to worry that in the art-science partnership _______. 

[A] their roles may be underestimated

[B] their reputation may be impaired

[C] their creativity may be inhibited

[D] their work may be misguided

34. What does the author say about CAVS ?

[A] It was headed alternately by artists and scientists. 

[B] It exemplified valuable art-science alliances. 

[C] Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies. 

[D] Its founders sought to raise the status of artists. 

35. In the last paragraph, the author holds art- science collaborations______. 

[A] are likely to go beyond public expectations

[B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition

[C] should do more than communicating science

[D] are becoming more popular than before

Text 4

The personal grievance provisions of the Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way. 

Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from“unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice. 

But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal. 

Consequently — and paradoxically — laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.

If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing underperforming managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record. 

Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong. 

Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall wellbeing. 

Across the Tasman, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year. 

36. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to ____. 

[A] punish dubious corporate practices

[B] improve traditional hiring procedures

[C] exempt employers from certain duties

[D] protect the rights of ordinary workers

37. It can be learned from the Paragraph 3 that the provision may _______. 

[A] hinder business development

[B] undermine the managers' authorities

[C] affect the public image of the firms

[D] weaken the labor-management relations

38. Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support?

[A] Imposing reasonable wage restraints. 

[B] Enforcing employment protections. 

[C] Limiting the powers of business owners.

[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers. 、

39. What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedure？

[A] High-paid managers may lose jobs. 

[B] Employees suffer salary cut. 

[C] Society sees a rise in well-being. 

[D] Employers hire new staff. 

40. It can be inferred that “ high-income threshold” in Australia_______. 

[A] has secured managers’earnings

[B] has produced undesired results

[C] is beneficial to business owners

[D] is difficult to put into practice